Medieval Kingdom of Italy1
Berengar I of Friuli (888-924)
Guy of Spoleo (889-894, rival king)
Lambert (894-898, rival king)
Louis of Provence (900-905, rival king)
Rudolf of Burgundy (922-926, rival king)
Hugh of Arles (926-948)
Lothair (948-950, co-regent 931)
Berengar II of Ivrea (950-963)
Adalbert (950-963)
Kingdom of Naples and Sicily2
House of Hauteville - Dukes of Apulia
Robert Guiscard (1059-1085)
Roger Borsa (1085-1111)
William (1111-1127)
Counts of Sicily
Roger I (1072-1101)
Simon (1101-1105)
Kings of Naples and Sicily
Roger II, the Great (1105-1154)
William I, the Bad (1154-1166)
William II, the Good (1166-1189)
Tancred of Lecce (1190-1194)
Roger III (1192-1194)
William III (1194)
House of Hohenstaufen
Henry (1194-1197)
Frederick I (1197-1250)
Conrad (1250-1254)
Manfred (1258-1266)
House of Anjou - Kings of Naples
Charles I (1266-1285)
Charles II, the Lame (1285-1309)
Robert the Wise (1309-1343)
Joan I (1343-1381)
Charles III of Durazzo (1381-1386)
Ladislas (1386-1414)
Joan II (1414-1435)
René the Good (1435-1442)
House of Aragon
Alfonso I, the Magnanimous (1443-1458)
Ferdinand I (1458-1494)
Alfonso II (1494-1495)
Ferdinand II (1495-1496)
Frederick (1496-1501)
House of Aragon - Kings of Sicily
Peter I, the Great (1282-1285)
James the Just (1285-1295)
Frederick II (1296-1337)
Peter II (1337-1342)
Louis (1342-1355)
Frederick III (1355-1377)
Mary (1377-1401)
Martin I, the Younger (1390-1409)
Martin II, the Humane (1409-1410)
House of Savoy
Victor Amadeus II (1713-1720)
House of Bourbon - Kings of Naples and Sicily
Charles (1734-1759)
Ferdinand IV (Naples: 1759-1806, Sicily: 1759-1816)
House of Bonaparte - Kings of Naples
Joseph Napoleon (1806-1808)
Joachim Napoleon (1808-1815)
House of Bourbon - Kings of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand I (1816-1825)
Francis I (1825-1830)
Ferdinand II (1830-1859)
Francis II (1859-1860)
United with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Este in Ferrara and Modena3
Lords of Ferrara
Azzo I (1196-1212)
Aldobrandino I (1212-1215)
Azzo II, the Younger (1215-1264)
Obizzo I (1264-1293)
Azzo III (1293-1308)
Fresco (1308)
Venetian, then Papal rule (1308-1317)
Rinaldo (1317-1335)
Niccolò I (1317-1344)
Obizzo II (1317-1352)
Aldobrandino III (1352-1361)
Niccolò II, the Lame (1361-1388)
Alberto (1388-1393)
Niccolò III (1393-1441)
Leonello (1441-1450)
Dukes of Ferrara
Borso (1450-1471)
Ercole I (1471-1505)
Alfonso I (1505-1534)
Ercole II (1534-1559)
Alfonso II (1559-1597)
Dukes of Modena
Cesare (1597-1628)
Alfonso III (1628-1629)
Francis I (1629-1658)
Alfonso IV (1658-1662)
Francis II (1662-1694)
Rinaldo (1694-1737)
Francis III (1737-1780)
Ercole III (1780-1796)
Union with the Cispadane Republic (1796-1814)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis IV (1814-1846)
Francis V (1846-1859)
Union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Montefeltro and Della Rovere in Urbino4
Counts of Urbino
Buonconte (1226-1241)
Montefeltrano (1241-1253)
Guido (1253-1296)
Federico I (1296-1322)
Papal rule (1308-1317)
Nolfo (1322-1360)
Federico II (1360-1363)
Antonio (1363-1404)
Guidantonio (1404-1443)
Oddantonio (1443-1444)
Dukes of Urbino
Federico III (1444-1482)
Guidubaldo I (1482-1508)
House of Della Rovere
Francesco Maria I (1508-1538)
Guidubaldo II (1538-1574)
Francesco Maria II (1574-1621)
Federico Ubaldo (1621-1623)
Francesco Maria II (1623-1631)
Union with the Papal States in 1631
The Visconti and Sforza in Milan5
House of Visconti - Lords of Milan
Matteo I, the Great (1287-1302, 1311-1322)
Galeazzo I (1322-1327)
Republic (1327-1329)
Azzone (1329-1339)
Luchino (1339-1349)
Giovanni (1339-1354)
Matteo II (1354-1355)
Galeazzo II (1354-1378)
Bernabò (1354-1385)
Dukes of Milan
Giovanni Galeazzo (1378-1402)
Giovanni Maria (1402-1412)
Filippo Maria (1412-1447)
Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450)
House of Sforza
Francesco I (1450-1466)
Galeazzo Maria (1466-1476)
Giovanni Galeazzo (1476-1494)
Ludovico Maria (1494-1499)
French rule (1499-1500)
Ludovico Maria (1500)
French rule (1500-1512)
Massimiliano (1512-1515)
French rule (1515-1521)
Francesco II (1521-1525)
Imperial rule (1525-1529)
Francesco II (1529-1535)
Union with the Empire in 1535
The Gonzaga in Mantua6
Captain-Generals of Mantua
Luigi (1328-1360)
Guido (1360-1369)
Ludovico I (1369-1382)
Francesco I (1382-1407)
Marquises of Mantua
Gianfrancesco (1407-1444)
Ludovio II (1444-1478)
Federico I (1478-1484)
Francesco II (1484-1519)
Dukes of Mantua
Federico II (1519-1540)
Francesco III (1540-1550)
Guglielmo (1550-1587)
Vincenzo I (1587-1612)
Francesco IV (1612)
Ferdinando (1612-1626)
Vincenzo II (1626-1627)
Line of Nevers
Carlo I (1631-1637)
Carlo II (1637-1665)
Ferdinando Carlo (1665-1708)
Union with the Empire in 1708
The Medici in Florence7
House of Medici
Cosimo the Elder (1434-1464)
Piero I, the Gouty (1464-1469)
Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492)
Piero II (1492-1494)
Republic (1494-1512)
Giuliano of Nemours (1512-1513)
Lorenzo of Urbino (1513-1519)
Giulio (1519-1523)
Ippolito (1523-1527)
Republic (1527-1530)
Duchy of Florence
Alessandro (1531-1537)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Cosimo I (1537-1574)
Francis I (1574-1587)
Ferdinand I (1587-1609)
Cosimo II (1609-1621)
Ferdinand II (1621-1670)
Cosimo III (1670-1723)
Giovanni Gastone (1723-1737)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis II (1737-1765)
Leopold I (1765-1790)
Ferdinand III (1790-1799)
French rule (1799-1801)
House of Bourbon
Louis I (1801-1803)
Louis II (1803-1807)
French rule (1807-1809)
House of Bonaparte
Marie Anne (Elisa) (1809-1814)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Ferdinand III (1814-1824)
Leopold II (1824-1859)
Ferdinand IV (1859-1860)
Union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860
The Farnese and Bourbons in Parma8
House of Farnese
Pier Luigi (1545-1547)
Ottavio (1547-1586)
Alessandro (1586-1592)
Ranuccio I (1592-1622)
Odoardo (1622-1646)
Ranuccio II (1646-1694)
Francesco (1694-1727)
Antonio (1727-1731)
House of Bourbon
Charles I (1731-1736)
Austrian rule (1736-1748)
Philip (1748-1765)
Ferdinand (1765-1802)
French rule (1802-1808)
Union with France (1808-1814)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Marie Louise (1814-1847)
House of Bourbon
Charles II (1847-1849)
Charles III (1849-1854)
Robert (1854-1859)
Union with the Empire in 1708
The House of Savoy9
Counts of Savoy
Humbert I, Whitehands (1000-1048)
Amadeus I (1048-1051)
Oddo (1051-1059)
Peter I (1059-1078)
Amadeus II (1078-1080)
Humbert II, the Fat (1080-1103)
Amadeus III (1103-1148)
Humbert III (1148-1189)
Thomas (1189-1233)
Amadeus IV (1233-1253)
Boniface (1253-1263)
Peter II (1263-1268)
Philip I (1268-1285)
Amadeus V, the Great (1285-1323)
Edward the Liberal (1323-1329)
Aymon the Pacific (1329-1343)
Amadeus VI, the Green (1343-1383)
Amadeus VII, the Red Count (1383-1391)
Dukes of Savoy
Amadeus VIII (1391-1440)
Louis (1440-1465)
Amadeus IX (1465-1472)
Philibert I, the Hunter (1472-1482)
Charles I, the Warrior (1482-1490)
Charles John Amadeus (1490-1496)
Philip II of Bresse (1496-1497)
Philibert II, the Handsome (1497-1504)
Charles II, the Good (1504-1553)
Emmanuel Philibert (1553-1580)
Charles Emmanuel I, the Great (1580-1630)
Victor Amadeus I (1630-1637)
Francis Hyacinth (1637-1638)
Charles Emmanuel II (1638-1675)
Kings of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II (1675-1730)
Charles Emmanuel III (1730-1773)
Victor Amadeus III (1773-1796)
Charles Emmanuel IV (1796-1802)
Victor Emmanuel I (1802-1821)
Charles Felix (1821-1831)
Line of Carignano
Charles Albert (1831-1849)
Kings of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878)
Humbert I (1878-1900)
Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)
Humbert II (1946)
Proclamation of the Republic in 1946
- [S38] John Morby, Oxford Dynasties of the World (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 98.
- [S38] ibid., pages 102-103.
- [S38] ibid., pages 104.
- [S38] ibid., pages 105.
- [S38] ibid., pages 106.
- [S38] ibid., pages 107.
- [S38] ibid., pages 108-109.
- [S38] ibid., pages 109.
- [S38] ibid., pages 110-111.
